Our world is dealing with a crisis — mountains and mountain of waste. At the same time, the worry of fuel shortages is also rising. Can the two issues be combated together?

According to waste management experts, yes, we can. With progress being made across various "waste-to-energy" schemes, just what can these developments do to tackle the waste and fuel conundrum? And will the new methods of dealing with waste offer any benefits to society? Are all waste-to-energy methods viable options, or are some less environmentally friendly than others?

Alongside waste management experts and skip hire supplier Reconomy, we investigate the status of waste-to-energy solutions, and how waste could provide energy in place of fossil fuels.

Beyond recycling: why we need to do more

There's been a number of movements in the last decade to help combat waste. The 5p plastic bag levy for one, and the introduction of a doorstep recycling collection in the UK spring to mind. But what happens after we pop our rinsed-out food containers in our blue bins? Well, it might not always be recycled: in the wake of China's plastic waste import ban, it was revealed that much of the waste marked for “recycling” had been sent to the country and was contaminated by general waste or food residue. As such, it unfortunately ended up as landfill and incorrectly counted towards the UK's recycling target.

Landfills are particularly problematic. Not only are they an eyesore, but according to Prescouter, as waste breaks down on a landfill, gases such as methane and dioxins are released, along with a toxic liquid known as leachate. Leachate has the potential to contaminate soil, water, plants, and food.

Current methods of waste-to-energy

Prescouter outlines the current methods of waste-to-energy:

• Thermal – this includes direct combustion, also known as incineration. The waste is directly burned, and thermal energy collected.
• Mechanical and Thermal – a combination approach, this sees waste being dried and pulverised before becoming solid fuel. That solid fuel can then be burned for thermal energy.
• Thermo-chemical – this section covers torrefaction, plasma technology, gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction.
  • Torrefaction converts biomass into a substance akin to coal for better fuel properties.
  • Plasma technology uses plasma to change organic material into syngas. This syngas can then be used as fuel.
  • Gasification is similar to plasma technology. It transforms organic or fossil fuel materials into gases like carbon dioxide for fuel.
  • Pyrolysis sees materials decomposed thermally to produce liquid fuel.
  • Liquefaction is a process where liquid fuel is created from solid waste.
• Biochemical – this involves fermentation and anaerobic digestion. Fermentation produced ethanol, and anaerobic digestion involved microorganisms breaking down waste and producing biogas.

Issues of some waste-to-energy methods 

The problem with thermal methods of waste-to-energy, such as incineration, is that while the process produces energy, it also releases harmful ashes and emissions when long form carbon is burned (such as plastic).

Benefits of waste-to-energy

Melting Coal lists several benefits to using energy from waste. Such perks include landfill reduction, avoidance of landfill tax and charges, and of course, renewable energy. Unlike fossil fuels, waste is not going to drop in availability. Bioenergy consult points out that, while more than 50% of waste is burnt for energy, it is a “short carbon cycle” that means the original matter doesn't contribute to climate change originally. In contrast, long carbon cycles like plastic have already contributed to climate change in their creation and burning them for energy would offset some of that carbon cost.

Carried out and monitored correctly, waste-to-energy has the potential to offer a renewable source of energy with a low carbon emission rate. Using waste as the catalyst for creating fuel isn't the issue as much as the process in which the fuel is obtained. As discussed, incinerating fossil fuels or waste for energy is problematic, but other methods such as biochemical processes could see waste provide energy while simultaneous reducing the volume of rubbish.

The future of waste-to-energy

In order to combat our growing waste issue, waste-to-energy is a no-brainer; why use fossil fuels when we can reduce our waste volume and provide energy at the same time? The challenge now is to make sure that the emissions from these energy processes are monitored and reduced as much as possible. Dubai has already announced that it will invest in the world's largest thermal waste recycling plant; or in Mexico, Project Termo will see the development of a waste-to-energy plant near Mexico City.

Sources:

https://cnim.com/en/businesses/treatment-and-recovery-waste

https://prescouter.com/2017/10/waste-to-energy-technologies-available/

https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/importance-waste-energy/

https://meltingcoal.wordpress.com/2013/05/12/10-benefits-of-waste-as-a-source-of-energy/

http://theconversation.com/explainer-why-we-should-be-turning-waste-into-fuel-77463

https://press.besix.com/besix-to-build-one-of-the-worlds-largest-thermal-waste-recycling-plants-in-dubai

http://www.iic.org/en/projects/project-disclosure/12105-01/project-termo-mexico-city-waste-energy-ppp

https://friendsoftheearth.uk/about-us/recycling-bill-success-how-we-got-uk-recycling

http://www.btgworld.com/en/rtd/technologies/torrefaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_gasification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/negative-impacts-waste-to-energy/